Category Archives: Terezin Leaders

Regina Jonas: The First Woman Rabbi

Terezin Leaders, , ,

In addition to countless artists and creatives, many rabbis and religious leaders were also sent to Terezin. One of these individuals was Regina Jonas, the first woman to be ordained a rabbi. Regina overcame many obstacles to receive her ordination, and dedicated her life to serving Jewish communities in Germany. Even after she was deported to Terezin,
Regina continued to serve, comfort, and inspire those around her. After the war Regina’s story was forgotten for decades, only to be miraculously rediscovered after the collapse of the Berlin wall. 

Regina Jonas’s Early Life

Regina was born in Berlin in 1902, and was raised in Scheunenviertel, a poor
Jewish neighborhood. Her parents were Orthodox and ensured that Regina received
a Jewish education. Regina was a gifted and eager student, and by the time she
was in high school, her passion for Jewish studies and Hebrew was evident to her
teachers and fellow classmates.

Impressed by her intellect and intense love of Judaism, Regina’s rabbi
Dr. Max Weil encouraged her to enroll at the liberal Berlin Academy for the Science of Judaism in 1924 to continue her studies. This was one of the few Jewish seminaries
in Germany that admitted women at the time, and most of the female students
intended to become teachers. 

But a career as a teacher of Jewish studies wasn’t enough for Regina. She was determined to be ordained as a rabbi, even though most people believed her dream was impossible.

Regina Jonas, the first woman rabbi.

Even though Regina gravitated towards Orthodox Judaism and was not a supporter
of the Reform movement, she chose to attend
a liberal seminary because it was the only one in Germany that might consider ordaining a woman rabbi. At the seminary, Regina gained the support of Dr. Eduard Barneth, who was willing to ordain her.

In 1930, as she neared the end of her studies, Regina wrote a thesis titled: “May a Woman Hold Rabbinic Office?”, in which she drew on her deep knowledge of the Talmud and other Jewish texts to make a compelling case in favor of women rabbis. Regina received praise for her thesis, and earned the respect of her professors. 

But tragically, her supporter Dr. Barneth died suddenly and the man who succeeded him refused to let Regina sit for her rabbinate exam.

None of the other professors contested this decision, and Regina ultimately graduated as a religious teacher. For several years, Regina taught Jewish studies at different girls’ schools and by all accounts was an exceptional teacher.

But despite her successes, Regina was determined to achieve her dream of becoming a rabbi.

Ordination and Life as a Rabbi

After five years of tirelessly seeking ordination, Regina’s efforts finally paid off when Rabbi Max Dienemann, the leader of the Conference of Liberal Rabbis, agreed to ordain her. She received her ordination in a private ceremony conducted by Rabbi Dienemann in December 1935, at long last achieving her lifelong dream. 

Regina’s ordination was truly groundbreaking, and she made history as the first woman to be ordained a rabbi. 

Unsurprisingly, her ordination was highly controversial, and Regina struggled to
gain acceptance as a rabbi. Denied a congregation, she had to find other ways to serve
the Jewish community in Germany. Determined as always, Regina found work as a teacher and hospital chaplain, and was a regular speaker at several liberal congregations in Berlin. 

Then, in the late 1930s, the Nazis began arresting rabbis, and Regina faced a
difficult decision. Should she flee Germany, or should she stay behind and
continue to minister to her community?

Though fully aware of the dangers, Regina refused to leave Germany, unwilling to leave her mother behind or abandon her beloved Jewish communities when they needed her the most. She traveled to Jewish congregations across Germany that had lost their rabbis and did everything she could to serve them, even leading special services for people forced to labor in Nazi factories. 

Her work with the German Jewish community came to an end in November 1942, when Regina and her elderly mother were sent to the Terezin ghetto. 

Regina Jonas: A Rabbi in Terezin

Even in Terezin, Regina continued to live a life of service and dedicated herself
to ministering to the Jewish community.

One of Regina’s fellow inmates was the famous Austrian psychiatrist Viktor Frankl,
who organized the “Department for Mental Hygiene” to provide mental health
services for those imprisoned in Terezin. Regina worked in this department, where
her role was to comfort and assist traumatized new prisoners as they struggled to cope with the terrible conditions of the ghetto. She acknowledged the hardships while
also assuring them that she was there to support them, both psychologically and spiritually. 

During her time in the ghetto, Regina also delivered sermons and lectures, in which
she often highlighted influential Jewish women. Many of her sermons encouraged
other Terezin inmates to always strive to find meaning in their lives, in spite of the
terrible circumstances they had to endure. 

Given that Viktor Frankl later wrote a famous book on this very subject called Man’s Search for Meaning, it seems likely that Regina’s sermons impacted him as well. Sadly, Frankl never mentioned Regina in any of his writings, so it’s impossible to know for sure.

But some documents Regina herself wrote did survive the war, including a powerful letter in which she described her belief that God called the Jewish people to be a
“blessed nation.” She believed it was her responsibility as a daughter of Israel to bring blessings, kindness, and goodness into the world, no matter what situation she
found herself in. And above all, she strove to always be humble before God and to
love and serve others. She signed her note with the simple but powerful words,
“Rabbi Regina Jonas, formerly of Berlin.”

Soon after writing this letter, on October 12, 1944, Regina and her mother were sent on a transport to Auschwitz. There is no record of them in Auschwitz, and it’s believed that Regina and her mother were killed in the gas chambers on the same day they arrived.

To the very end, Rabbi Regina Jonas stayed true to her unwavering commitment to serve God and the Jewish people even in the worst of times.

The Legacy of Rabbi Regina Jonas

For many years, the name of Rabbi Regina Jonas was forgotten. None of her surviving male colleagues, among them Viktor Frankl and Rabbi Leo Baeck, even mentioned her after the war.

Then, in 1991, Katerina von Kellenbach, a professor of Religious Studies, traveled to Berlin to conduct academic research. In the General Archive of German Jews, she discovered a dusty old box filled with papers – papers that belonged to Rabbi Regina Jonas. 

Katerina carefully sorted through the papers and discovered Regina’s thesis, ordination certificate, and a photo of Regina dressed in her rabbinic robes. There were newspaper clippings that profiled Regina and the challenges she faced, and dozens of thank you notes from people she had served.

There was also a note written by a friend of Regina’s, explaining she had entrusted all her precious documents to him on the day she was deported from Terezin. Somehow, these documents had made their way to an archive in Berlin, only to be forgotten there during the years of Communist rule.

Deeply moved and astonished by Regina’s story, Katerina published an article about her in 1994, which circulated widely. Interest in Rabbi Regina Jonas soared, and over the years her story has been told in a biography, a children’s book, and a documentary.

Her memory is also honored and preserved at Yad Vashem, the Jewish Museum in Berlin, and Terezin, where there is a memorial plaque dedicated to her life and legacy. Also at Terezin is a small collection of Regina’s papers, including a list of the lectures she delivered there.

And in recent years, a large group of rabbis designated October 18th as her yahrzeit,
the anniversary of her death. Now, on that day, people all over the world recite the Mourner’s Kaddish in her memory. It’s a fitting and powerful tribute to Rabbi
Regina Jonas, who overcame countless obstacles and dedicated herself to serving
the Jewish community, bringing comfort and hope in the darkest times.

Fredy Hirsch: Jewish Educator, Gifted Athlete and Defender of the Children of Terezin

Children in Terezin, Terezin Leaders, ,

The little-known story of Fredy Hirsch, a German-Jewish youth leader and athlete, has recently gotten some attention in the media. The Jewish news and culture magazine The Forward recently featured an in-depth article on this remarkable man. I was glad to see he is finally getting more of the recognition he deserves. Being Jewish and gay made Fredy a prime target for the Nazis, yet he displayed remarkable courage in confronting them. Read on to learn more about the story of Fredy Hirsch.

Early Life

Alfred Hirsch, known as Fredy, was born in 1916 and raised in Aachen, Germany. In Aachen, he began his career as a teacher and educator in various Jewish youth organizations. An enthusiastic and talented athlete, Fredy also worked with Jewish sports associations. After the Nazis came to power in Germany, he fled to Czechoslovakia, where he believed he would be safe. Tragically, Czechoslovakia wouldn’t remain safe for long.

In 1939, the Nazis marched into Czechoslovakia and began implementing laws against Jews. Among the many laws, the Nazis forbade Jewish children from attending school, joining clubs and teams, and visiting public places. When Fredy saw what was happening, he decided to do something about it.

Activities in Prague

Using the Jewish-owned Hagibor sports complex in Prague as his base, Fredy arranged a wide variety of educational activities, classes, and sports programs for Jewish children. Children who survived the war would remember the activities Hirsch arranged fondly, the gymnastics classes and soccer games which made their lives seem a little more normal and bearable. He was also involved in Zionist causes and assisted in efforts to bring Jewish children to Palestine.

Life in Terezin

When he was deported to Terezin in December 1941, Fredy organized activities for the children there. He used some grassy areas in Terezin as playing fields for sports games, including soccer and track and field events.

Fredy was described as athletic, attractive, and extremely caring. He made sure that the children kept themselves as clean as possible despite the lack of hot water and soap. Survivors remember him as a very kind and reassuring presence to the children. Fredy also secured medical treatment for the children and removed some of them from transports to the East.

Transport to Auschwitz

In September 1943, Fredy and 5,000 other people were sent to Auschwitz. This transport was moved into an empty camp at Auschwitz called the Family Camp. Fredy supervised the hundreds of children in the camp. He did everything he could to make life better for the children, even in the middle of Auschwitz. Fredy actually managed to convince to SS to provide more food for the children and to treat them better. But tragically, Fredy was unable to save the children or himself in the end.

In March 1944, all the children who arrived on the September transport were murdered by the Nazis. Fredy also died at Auschwitz, but it is unclear if he died with the children. The truth about Fredy’s fate remains unknown, though there are several theories. The most often cited theory is that he committed suicide, though most survivors who knew Fredy personally don’t believe he would have taken own life.

Fredy’s Legacy

What ultimately happened to Fredy may never be known, but we do know about all he did for Jewish children in Prague, Terezin, and Auschwitz. Fredy’s greatest legacy was his commitment to doing everything he could to make children’s lives better even in the most terrible and unimaginable circumstances.

To learn more about Fredy, I highly recommend you read the feature article on him in the Forward.

Sources:

We Are Children Just the Same: Vedem, the Secret Magazine by the Boys of Terezin (by Marie Krizkova, Kurt Jiri Kotouc and Zdenek Ornest)

https://forward.com/news/398268/the-little-known-gay-hero-who-tried-to-save-the-children-of-auschwitz/?attribution=more-articles-carousel-item-2-headline

Franta Maier and the Boys of Room 7, Part 2

Children in Terezin, Terezin Leaders, ,

A few days after arriving at Terezin, the children were assigned to various barracks based on their age and gender. Franta later spoke of the impact this trauma had on the children, saying that they were in shock at their world being torn apart once again. Franta remained in charge of these children, and he was able to access the barracks whenever necessary.

Under Franta’s influence, the children received extra rations and were kept on a schedule which included exercise, classes and recreation. He was assigned to be a madrich (leader) in Room 7, in which 40 boys aged twelve and thirteen lived.

Franta kept the boys on a disciplined schedule, and made sure they were clean and that the room was orderly. But what made the greatest impact on the boys was how Franta would speak to them at night and tell them that no matter what the Nazis did, they could not take away the boys’ dignity and humanity. He told them they had three duties: to survive, to respect their parents, and to be ready for a new life when the war was over. He encouraged them to love life, no matter what hardships they endured.

Still, Franta had fears and vulnerabilities that the boys did not know about. They did not know about the heartbreak he experienced when he proposed marriage to a woman named Lucy, hoping to save her from the transports. Lucy accepted his proposal, but Franta’s mother convinced Lucy to break off the engagement, believing this was the wrong time and place to marry. Lucy was later transported with her parents, and Franta was unable to forgive his mother for years. The boys also didn’t know how much Franta feared for them, how at night he would break down and cry silently as he wondered what would happen to them the next day.

A creative life developed in Room 7; they were the first home to produce plays, and two literary magazines, Rim Rim and Nesar were created and circulated. A sense of community developed among the boys of Room 7, and deep friendships were forged. When some of the boys had to leave on a transport, there was a profound sorrow when they had to say good-bye and the entire community felt the losses.

In September 1944, Franta was assigned to a transport. The night before he left, Franta said good-bye to the boys in Room 7; the scene was poignantly described by Pavel Weiner in his diary. Franta was sent to Auschwitz, where he learned that his family was dead, as were most of the children. He vowed he would live to see the Nazis defeated. In January, Franta was placed on a death march to a work camp called Blechhammer. As the Russians approached, the Nazis abandoned the camp, and Franta walked out of the camp to search for food. He was discovered by some Russian soldiers, who sent him to a repatriation center in Czestochowa. He later became a civilian assistant to an officer for the remainder of the war.

After the war, Franta worked hard to get properties back from the 24 relatives he lost during the war. He returned to his hometown of Brno and later married a woman who had lost her husband in the war. They immigrated to America in 1947, and Franta found work in a business that produced malt for breweries. Though he initially did not know anything about this industry, he learned quickly and became a successful businessman in the malt business and later the paper export business.

Franta died in 2013, and the surviving boys of Room 7 remember to this day how he profoundly touched their lives. Franta put forth tremendous effort to provide order, stability and compassion to these young boys, and their bond with him and with one another remained strong many decades later.

Further Reading
Nesarim: Child Survivors of Terezin by Thelma Gruenbaum